![]() ![]() ![]() When embedded in ex vivo porcine tissue, the integrated circuit efficiently harvested ultrasonic power, decoded downlink data for the stimulation parameters and generated current-controlled stimulation pulses. Uplink data indicating whether stimulation occurs are encoded by the stimulator through backscatter modulation and are demodulated at the external transceiver. The stimulation protocols were wirelessly encoded on the fly, reducing power consumption and on-chip memory, and enabling protocol complexity with a high temporal resolution and low-latency feedback. An ultrasonic link and a hand-held external transceiver provide the stimulator with power and bidirectional communication. Here, we describe a wireless, leadless and battery-free implantable neural stimulator that is 1.7 mm 3 and that incorporates a piezoceramic transducer, an energy-storage capacitor and an integrated circuit. Clinically approved neural stimulators are limited by battery requirements, as well as by their large size compared with the stimulation targets. ![]()
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